Social Foundations
- Food security
- Health
- Education
- Income & work
- Peace & justice
- Political voice
- Social equity
- Gender equality
- Housing
- Networks (digital access)
- Energy
- Water
Ecological Ceilings
- Climate change
- Ocean acidification
- Chemical pollution
- Nitrogen & phosphorus loading
- Freshwater withdrawals
- Land conversion
- Biodiversity loss
- Air pollution
- Ozone layer depletion
Advantages of the Doughnut Model 🍩
- Holistic framework balancing social justice and environmental health.
- Visual compass that guides policy, business, and community decisions.
- Encourages regenerative and distributive economic design.
- Adaptable to local contexts—cities, regions, and organizations can tailor it.
- Shifts focus from GDP growth to thriving within safe and just limits.
Disadvantages & Criticisms ⚠️
- Lacks detailed, prescriptive policies—framework not a roadmap.
- Implementation can be complex due to political and institutional inertia.
- Measuring progress on social foundations and ecological ceilings is data-intensive.
- May oversimplify interconnected systems and trade-offs.
- Critics argue it can be utopian without clear mechanisms for enforcement.